How to make crossover cable  ?
                 An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly. Normal straight throughor patch cables were used to connect from a host network interface controller to a network switch, hub or router. 

                  To make a "Crossover" cable you change the pinout connections on one end of the cable. If you do it on both ends of the cable you have crossed-over the crossover and now have a straight-through cable.Pins 1 & 2 from one end are connected to pins 3 & 6 on the other end, and pins 3 & 6 from the first end are connected to pins 1 & 2 on the other end. Pins 4 & 5 and 7 & 8 don't change.

The pin outs looking from the bottom of the cat 5 ends (White/Orange starts on the left) are as follows:

       Standard End                          Crossover End

       Pin 1 White/Orange                   Pin 1 White/Green

       Pin 2 Orange                            Pin 2 Green

       Pin 3 White/Green                    Pin 3 White/Orange

       Pin 4 Blue                                Pin 4 Blue

       Pin 5 White/Blue                      Pin 5 White/Blue

       Pin 6 Green                             Pin 6 Orange

       Pin 7 White/Brown                   Pin 7 White/Brown

       Pin 8 Brown                             Pin 8 Brown

difference between cross over cable and straight cable?

crossover cables must be used between 2 devices from the same level like (pc & pc - Pc & router - router & router) 
but strait through cable used between 2 different levels like (pc & switch - router & switch ) ,like a router to a computer. 

what is network?

Network is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.Networking (Software or hardware) services are configured on home\corporate LAN’s to ensure highest security and user friendly operation. Professional setup helps the LAN to run smoothly and efficiently. 

Networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

Types of networks:-

             Networks can be categorized in several different ways. 
One approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans.  Common examples of area network types are:

• LAN - Local Area Network
• WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• SAN - Storage Area Network, 
•           System Area Network, 
•           Server Area Network, 
•           Small Area Network
• CAN - Campus Area Network,  
•           Controller Area Network,
•           Cluster Area Network
• PAN - Personal Area Network
• DAN - Desk Area Network.

Other Types of Area Networks:-

While LAN and WAN are by far the most popular network types mentioned, you may also commonly see references to these others:

• Wireless Local Area Network - a LAN based on WiFi wireless network technology
• Metropolitan Area Network - a network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is typically owned an operated by a single entity such as a government body or large corporation.
• Campus Area Network - a network spanning multiple LANs but smaller than a MAN, such as on a university or local business campus.
• Storage Area Network - connects servers to data storage devices through a technology like Fibre Channel.
• System Area Network - links high-performance computers with high-speed connections in a cluster configuration. Also known as Cluster Area Network.

Network Design:-

        Computer networks also differ in their design. The two types of high-level network design are called client-server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks feature centralized server computers that store email, Web pages, files and or applications. On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all computers tend to support the same functions. Client-server networks are much more common in business and peer-to-peer networks much more common in homes.

Network Cable Categories

                   Category X cable also referred to as CATx.The UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) type of cable used for Ethernet wiring the only categories of interest are Cat3, Cat4, Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, and Cat7.These cables are using like.........

Specifications for Cat3, Cat4, Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, and Cat7 Cables

Category Type Spectral B/W Length LAN Applications Remarks Cat3 UTP 16 MHz 100m 10Base-T, 4Mbps Now mainly for telephone cables Cat4 UTP 20 MHz 100m 16Mbps Rarely seen Cat5 UTP 100MHz 100m 100Base-Tx,ATM,CDDI Used in LANs Cat5e UTP 100MHz 100m 1000Base-T Used in  LANs Cat6 UTP 250MHz 100m Emerging Cat7 ScTP 600MHz 100m

The comparison of  CAT5 ,CAT5e, and CAT6 are given below.

CAT5, CAT5e, and CAT6 UTP Solid Cable Specifications Comparison Category 5 Category 5e Category 6 Frequency 100 MHz 100 MHz 250 MHz Attenuation (Min. at 100 MHz) 22 dB 22 dB 19.8 dB Characteristic Impedance 100 ohms ± 15% 100 ohms ± 15% 100 ohms ± 15% NEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) 32.3 dB 35.3 dB 44.3 dB PS-NEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) no specification 32.3 dB 42.3 dB ELFEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) no specification 23.8 dB 27.8 dB PS-ELFEXT (Min. at 100 MHz) no specification 20.8 dB 24.8 dB Return Loss (Min. at 100 MHz) 16.0 dB 20.1 dB 20.1 dB Delay Skew (Max. per 100 m) no specification 45 ns 45 ns